Member states of NATO facts for kids
NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It's a group of 32 countries from Europe and North America that have agreed to help each other if one of them is attacked. Think of it like a big team where everyone has each other's back!
NATO was started on April 4, 1949. A very important rule in NATO is called Article 5. It says that if one member country is attacked, it's like an attack on all members. Then, the other countries will come to help, even using their armed forces if needed.
However, this rule mostly applies to Europe and North America. For example, an attack on places like Hawaii or the Falkland Islands would not start an Article 5 response.
Most of NATO's 32 member countries (30 of them) are in Europe. Only two are in North America. Over the years, NATO has also created ways to work with other countries nearby, like the Partnership for Peace.
Almost all NATO countries have their own armies. The only exception is Iceland, which doesn't have a regular army. Instead, it has a coast guard and a small team of experts who help with NATO jobs. Three NATO members have nuclear weapons: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
When NATO first started, it had 12 founding countries. Later, three more joined between 1952 and 1955, and another in 1982. After the Cold War ended, NATO grew even more, adding 16 new members from 1999 to 2024.
Today, NATO is also looking at new countries that want to join. These include Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine.

Contents
How NATO Started and Grew
NATO was officially created on April 4, 1949, when the North Atlantic Treaty was signed. The first 12 countries to join were:
- Belgium
- Canada
- Denmark
- France
- Iceland
- Italy
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Portugal
- United Kingdom
- United States
These countries also signed another agreement in 1951. This agreement made sure that civilian leaders, not just military ones, would oversee the alliance.
Today, NATO has 32 member countries. Besides the original 12, four more joined during the Cold War:
- Greece (1952)
- Turkey (1952)
- West Germany (1955)
- Spain (1982)
In 1990, when Germany became one country again, the former East Germany also became part of NATO.
After the Cold War, NATO continued to grow. Many countries from Eastern Europe joined:
- 1999: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland
- 2004: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
- 2009: Albania, Croatia
- 2017: Montenegro
- 2020: North Macedonia
- 2023: Finland
- 2024: Sweden
Most of these newer members were either part of the Warsaw Pact (a rival alliance during the Cold War) or from the former Yugoslavia. No country has ever left NATO since it began.
As of March 7, 2024, with Sweden joining, NATO now covers a huge area of about 27.5 million square kilometers (about 10.6 million square miles).
Countries Hoping to Join NATO
As of March 2024, three more countries have officially said they want to join NATO:
NATO leaders said at a meeting in 2008 that Georgia and Ukraine "will become members of NATO in the future." Bosnia and Herzegovina was invited to start a special plan to prepare for membership in 2010.
NATO Member Countries
Here is a list of all the countries that are part of NATO and when they joined.
Flag | Map | Name | Capital | Joined | Population | Area |
Military budget as %GDP 2023 | GDP 2023 (million US$) | Languages |
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Albania | Tirana | 1 April 2009 | 2,854,710 | 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi) | 1.7 | 22,743 | Albanian | |
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Belgium | Brussels | 24 August 1949 | 11,611,419 | 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi) | 1.2 | 630,110 | Dutch French German |
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Bulgaria | Sofia | 29 March 2004 | 6,885,868 | 110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi) | 1.8 | 101,611 | Bulgarian |
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Canada | Ottawa | 24 August 1949 | 38,155,012 | 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,103 sq mi) | 1.3 | 2,140,086 | English French |
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Croatia | Zagreb | 1 April 2009 | 4,060,135 | 56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi) | 1.8 | 82,044 | Croatian |
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Czech Republic | Prague | 12 March 1999 | 10,510,751 | 78,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi) | 1.5 | 332,025 | Czech |
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Denmark | Copenhagen | 24 August 1949 | 5,854,240 | 2,210,573 km2 (853,507 sq mi) | 2.0 | 405,199 | Danish |
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Estonia | Tallinn | 29 March 2004 | 1,328,701 | 45,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi) | 2.9 | 40,757 | Estonian |
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Finland | Helsinki | 4 April 2023 | 5,535,992 | 338,455 km2 (130,678 sq mi) | 2.4 | 300,499 | Finnish Swedish |
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France | Paris | 24 August 1949 | 64,531,444 | 643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi) | 2.1 | 3,031,778 | French |
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Germany | Berlin | 6 May 1955 (West Germany) 3 October 1990 (Germany) |
83,408,554 | 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi) | 1.5 | 4,457,366 | German |
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Greece | Athens | 18 February 1952 | 10,445,365 | 131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi) | 3.2 | 238,275 | Greek |
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Hungary | Budapest | 12 March 1999 | 9,709,786 | 93,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi) | 2.1 | 212,610 | Hungarian |
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Iceland | Reykjavík | 24 August 1949 | 370,335 | 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi) | 0.0 | 31,020 | Icelandic |
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Italy | Rome | 59,240,329 | 301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi) | 1.6 | 2,255,503 | Italian | |
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Latvia | Riga | 29 March 2004 | 1,873,919 | 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) | 2.3 | 43,598 | Latvian |
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Lithuania | Vilnius | 2,786,651 | 65,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi) | 2.7 | 77,926 | Lithuanian | |
Luxembourg | Luxembourg | 24 August 1949 | 639,321 | 2,586 km2 (998 sq mi) | 0.7 | 85,780 | Luxembourgish French German |
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Montenegro | Podgorica | 5 June 2017 | 627,859 | 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi) | 1.6 | 7,406 | Montenegrin |
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Netherlands | Amsterdam | 24 August 1949 | 17,501,696 | 41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi) | 1.5 | 1,117,101 | Dutch |
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North Macedonia | Skopje | 27 March 2020 | 2,103,330 | 25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi) | 1.7 | 14,769 | Macedonian |
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Norway | Oslo | 24 August 1949 | 5,403,021 | 323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi) | 1.6 | 485,513 | Norwegian |
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Poland | Warsaw | 12 March 1999 | 38,307,726 | 312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi) | 3.8 | 808,435 | Polish |
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Portugal | Lisbon | 24 August 1949 | 10,290,103 | 92,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi) | 1.5 | 287,421 | Portuguese |
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Romania | Bucharest | 29 March 2004 | 19,328,560 | 238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi) | 1.6 | 345,894 | Romanian |
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Slovakia | Bratislava | 5,447,622 | 49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi) | 2.0 | 132,122 | Slovakian | |
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Slovenia | Ljubljana | 2,119,410 | 20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi) | 1.3 | 68,236 | Slovenian | |
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Spain | Madrid | 30 May 1982 | 47,486,935 | 505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi) | 1.5 | 1,581,151 | Spanish |
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Sweden | Stockholm | 7 March 2024 | 10,467,097 | 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi) | 1.5 | 593,268 | Swedish |
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Turkey | Ankara | 18 February 1952 | 84,775,404 | 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi) | 1.5 | 1,108,453 | Turkish |
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United Kingdom | London | 24 August 1949 | 67,281,039 | 243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi) | 2.3 | 3,344,744 | English |
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United States | Washington, D.C. | 336,997,624 | 9,833,520 km2 (3,796,743 sq mi) | 3.4 | 27,357,825 |
Special Rules for Some Members
Some of the first NATO members, like Denmark, Iceland, and Norway, made special agreements. They decided not to have permanent military bases from other NATO countries, no nuclear weapons, and no Allied military activities on their land unless invited. However, Denmark did allow the U.S. to keep an existing base in Greenland.
For a long time, from the 1960s to the 1990s, France had its own military strategy. It worked somewhat separately from NATO. But in 2009, France decided to rejoin NATO's main military command. France is still the only NATO member that is not part of the Nuclear Planning Group. Also, unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, France does not promise to use its nuclear submarines to help the alliance.
NATO's Military Strength
This section shows how many military personnel each NATO country has. "Active" means full-time soldiers. "Reserve" means people who can be called to serve if needed. "Paramilitary" are groups that are like military but not part of the main army.
Country | Active | Reserve | Paramilitary | Total | Per 1,000 people | ||
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total | active | ||||||
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Albania | 10,500 | 0 | 500 | 11,000 | 3.6 | 3.4 |
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Belgium | 29,400 | 5,900 | 0 | 35,300 | 3 | 2.5 |
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Bulgaria | 42,663 | 3,000 | 0 | 45,663 | 6.6 | 6.2 |
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Canada | 70,500 | 35,600 | 5,500 | 111,600 | 2.9 | 1.9 |
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Croatia | 16,700 | 21,000 | 3,000 | 40,700 | 9.7 | 4 |
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Czech Republic | 27,400 | 4,200 | 0 | 31,600 | 3 | 2.6 |
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Denmark | 36,440 | 45,800 | 51,000 | 133,240 | 22.6 | 6.2 |
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Estonia | 7,600 | 230,000 | 15,800 | 253,400 | 207.7 | 6.2 |
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Finland | 24,250 | 900,000 | 14,321 | 938,571 | 168.7 | 4.4 |
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France | 208,750 | 141,050 | 175,050 | 524,850 | 7.7 | 3.1 |
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Germany | 184,100 | 50,050 | 0 | 234,150 | 2.9 | 2.3 |
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Greece | 143,300 | 221,350 | 4,000 | 368,650 | 34.8 | 13.5 |
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Hungary | 41,600 | 20,000 | 12,000 | 73,600 | 7.6 | 4.3 |
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Iceland | 250 | 250 | 250 | 750 | 2.1 | 0.7 |
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Italy | 175,100 | 18,300 | 182,350 | 375,750 | 6 | 2.8 |
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Latvia | 16,700 | 36,000 | 0 | 52,700 | 28.3 | 9 |
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Lithuania | 23,000 | 90,000 | 14,150 | 127,150 | 46.9 | 8.5 |
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Luxembourg | 940 | 0 | 600 | 1,540 | 2.4 | 1.5 |
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Montenegro | 2,350 | 2,800 | 10,100 | 15,250 | 25.1 | 3.9 |
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Netherlands | 41,543 | 6,643 | 6,500 | 54,686 | 3.2 | 2.4 |
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North Macedonia | 8,000 | 26,850 | 7,600 | 42,450 | 19.9 | 3.8 |
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Norway | 33,400 | 40,000 | 0 | 73,400 | 13.3 | 6.1 |
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Poland | 164,500 | 200,000 | 75,400 | 439,900 | 11.5 | 4.3 |
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Portugal | 33,200 | 211,700 | 24,700 | 269,600 | 26.3 | 3.2 |
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Romania | 72,000 | 55,000 | 79,900 | 206,900 | 9.7 | 3.4 |
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Slovakia | 19,500 | 0 | 0 | 19,500 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
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Slovenia | 7,500 | 26,200 | 5,950 | 39,650 | 18.9 | 3.6 |
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Spain | 133,282 | 15,450 | 75,800 | 224,532 | 4.8 | 2.8 |
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Sweden | 24,400 | 32,900 | 0 | 57,300 | 5.4 | 2.3 |
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Turkey | 690,811 | 380,700 | 192,534 | 1,264,045 | 15.3 | 8.4 |
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United Kingdom | 196,453 | 78,600 | 0 | 275,053 | 4.2 | 3 |
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United States | 1,598,287 | 1,072,543 | 0 | 2,670,830 | 8 | 4.8 |
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NATO | 3,869,402 | 3,768,103 | 870,271 | 8,507,776 | 8.7 | 4 |
How Much Money NATO Countries Spend on Defense
Countries in NATO spend money on their military to keep their nations safe. This is called "defense spending."
Military spending of the US compared to 29 other NATO member countries (all except Sweden) (US$ millions). United States (67.1%) All other NATO countries total (32.90%)
Total military spending of NATO member countries except the United States, and Sweden (US$ millions). Greece (1.75%) Estonia (0.28%) Portugal (0.99%) Montenegro (0.03%) Lithuania (0.51%) Norway (2.05%) Turkey (4.42%) Latvia (0.25%) Denmark (1.91%) Croatia (0.34%) Other (87.81%)
The United States spends more than twice as much on defense as all other NATO members combined. NATO members have agreed to spend at least 2% of their country's total economic output (called GDP) on defense. However, in 2023, most countries did not reach this goal.
Member state | Population | GDP (nominal) ($billions) |
Defense spending (US$) | Military Staff | ||
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Total ($millions) |
% real GDP | Per person | ||||
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3,101,621 | 23.36 | 401 | 1.72 | 93 | 6,600 |
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11,913,633 | 636.07 | 7,670 | 1.21 | 537 | 21,400 |
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6,827,736 | 103.59 | 1,933 | 1.87 | 181 | 26,600 |
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38,516,736 | 2,123.01 | 28,140 | 1.33 | 591 | 66,800 |
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4,169,239 | 83.01 | 1,450 | 1.75 | 291 | 14,000 |
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10,706,242 | 334.94 | 5,108 | 1.53 | 305 | 27,700 |
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6,057,361 | 412.37 | 8,199 | 2.00 | 1,208 | 16,700 |
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1,202,762 | 41.50 | 1,198 | 2.89 | 587 | 7,300 |
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5,614,571 | 305.42 | 7,500 | 2.46 | 1,146 | 31,000 |
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62,819,428 | 3,050.30 | 57,815 | 1.90 | 734 | 207,300 |
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84,220,184 | 4,473.00 | 74,085 | 1.66 | 712 | 181,700 |
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10,497,595 | 245.38 | 7,495 | 3.05 | 632 | 111,000 |
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9,670,009 | 209.41 | 4,338 | 2.07 | 336 | 20,100 |
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360,872 | 31.30 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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61,021,855 | 2,223.01 | 32,750 | 1.47 | 494 | 170,700 |
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1,821,750 | 44.60 | 1,052 | 2.37 | 404 | 6,700 |
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2,655,755 | 79.13 | 2,177 | 2.75 | 508 | 17,900 |
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660,924 | 59.61 | 603 | 1.01 | 730 | 900 |
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602,445 | 7.45 | 115 | 1.55 | 128 | 1,700 |
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17,463,930 | 1,122.05 | 16,538 | 1.63 | 818 | 40,800 |
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2,133,410 | 15.80 | 268 | 1.70 | 96 | 5,700 |
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5,600,850 | 488.19 | 8,788 | 1.80 | 1,445 | 24,000 |
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37,991,766 | 819.82 | 32,165 | 3.92 | 655 | 202,300 |
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10,223,150 | 288.37 | 4,254 | 1.48 | 337 | 22,400 |
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18,326,327 | 352.64 | 5,655 | 1.60 | 200 | 64,000 |
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5,425,319 | 130.90 | 2,682 | 2.05 | 387 | 13,800 |
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2,099,790 | 68.61 | 914 | 1.33 | 342 | 5,700 |
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47,051,085 | 1,582.94 | 19,638 | 1.24 | 350 | 110,600 |
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10,536,338 | |||||
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83,593,483 | 1,201.56 | 18,965 | 1.58 | 228 | 463,700 |
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68,502,956 | 3,398.27 | 77,384 | 2.28 | 1,077 | 139,500 |
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338,229,980 | 27,343.45 | 875,603 | 3.24 | 2,101 | 1,317,000 |
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969,619,192 | 51,298.96 | 1,304,886 | 2.54 | 1,113 | 3,346,000 |